25^th International Conference on Organic & Inorganic Chemistry July 26-27, 2019 Vancouver, Canada

Bioorganic chemistry combines organic chemistry and biochemistry. While biochemistry aims at understanding biological processes using chemistry, bioorganic chemistry attempts to expand organic-chemical researches (that is, structures, synthesis, and kinetics) toward biology. When investigating metallo enzymes and cofactors, bioorganic chemistry overlaps bioinorganic chemistry. Biophysical organic chemistry is a term used when attempting to describe intimate details of molecular recognition by bioorganic chemistry.

Bioorganic chemistry is that branch of life science that deals with the study of biological processes using chemical methods.        

The study of stereochemistry focuses on stereoisomers and spans the entire spectrum of organic, inorganic, biological, physical and especially supramolecular chemistry. Stereochemistry is the chemistry which deals with the different arrangement of atoms or groups in a molecule in space. Louis Pasteur was the first stereo chemist, having observed in 1849 from wine collected salts of tartaric acid production vessels could rotate plane polarized light, but that salts from other sources. The only physical property, in which the two types of tartrate salts differed, is due to optical isomerism. Stereochemistry plays a very vital role in our day to day life. It has been observed that many living systems, plants and many pharmaceuticals possess or respond to only a particular type of arrangement in a molecule and are found to be stereospecific in nature, for example the double helical form of D.N.A turns in a right handed way, honey suckle winds as a left handed helix. Only one form of sugar plays a unique role in animal metabolism and is the basis of a multimillion dollar fermentation industry. Structural Isomers are isomers which have the same molecular formula but differ in their structures. The list of different types of structural isomers is position isomer; chain Isomers, metameric, and functional Isomers. Stereoisomers are isomers which have the same molecular formula and same structure but differ in the arrangement of atoms or groups in space. Stereoisomers can be classified into the following two types Conformational Isomers and Configurationally Isomers.

Computational chemistry describes the use of computer modelling and simulation including ab initio approaches based on quantum chemistry, and empirical approaches to study the structures and properties of molecules and materials. Computational chemistry is also used to describe the computational techniques aimed at understanding the structure and properties of molecules and materials. The calculations are based primarily on Schroedinger's equation and include:

1. Calculation of electron and charge distributions
2. Molecular geometry in ground and excited states
3. Potential energy surfaces
4. Rate constants for elementary reactions
5. Details of the dynamics of molecular collisions

Cheminformatics is the couple use of computer and informational techniques to a wide range of problems in the field of chemistry. These in silico techniques are used, for example, in pharmaceutical companies in the process of drug discovery. These methods can also be used in chemical and allied industries in various other forms. Also deals with graph mining, molecule mining etc.

Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals, which are chemicals derived from plants. Those studying phytochemistry strive to describe the structures of the large number of secondary metabolic compounds found in plants, the functions of these compounds in human and plant biology, and the biosynthesis of these compounds. Plants synthesize phytochemicals for many reasons, including protecting themselves against insect attacks and plant diseases. Phytochemicals in food plants are often active in human biology, and in many cases have health benefits. The compounds found in plants are of many kinds, but most are in four major biochemical classes, the alkaloids, glycosides, polyphenols, and terpenes.

Whereas Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal drugs derived from plants or other natural sources, also we can say "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources". It is also defined as the study of crude drugs.

Phytochemistry can be considered sub-fields of botany or chemistry. Activities can be led in botanical gardens or in the wild with the aid of ethno botany. Techniques commonly used in the field of phytochemistry are extraction, isolation, and structural elucidation (MS, 1D and 2D NMR) of natural products, as well as various chromatography techniques (MPLC, HPLC, and LC-MS).

A polymer is a large unit of molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits. Because of their wide range of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play an essential role in daily life.  Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function. Polymerization is a method of creating natural and synthetic fibers from monomers (small molecules) many small molecules known as monomers. Their consequently large molecular mass relative to small molecule compounds produces unique physical properties, including toughness, viscoelasticity, and a tendency to form glasses and semi crystalline  structures rather than crystals.

Agricultural chemistry deals with both chemistry and biochemistry which are crucial in agricultural production, the processing of raw products into foods and beverages, and in environmental monitoring and remediation. It also deals with other means of increasing yield, such as herbicides and growth stimulants and serves as the scientific basis for introducing chemical processes into agriculture.

As a basic science it embraces additionally to test-tube chemistry; all the life processes through that humans acquire food and fibre for themselves and feed for their animals. As an engineering or technology it's directed towards management of these processes to extend yields, improve quality and cut back prices.

Environmental organic chemistry focus the factors on environment that govern organic chemicals in nature and engineered systems. The research that is made is then applied to assess the environmental behavior of organic chemicals. This includes organic behavior of compounds like partitioning of gas and solids, bio accumulating and transformations in the atmosphere. The research also includes the areas of toxicology in the recent trends. Analysis of volatile and semi volatile compounds in the environment is also a trending research going on all around, which are diverse group of carbon based chemical that are present in bio fluids and can at times serve as potential bio makers.

Analytical chemistry is the science of obtaining, processing, and communicating information about the composition and structure of matter. We can also say, it is an art and science of determining what matter is and how much of it exists. Analytical chemists use their knowledge of chemistry, instrumentation, computers, and statistics to solve problems in almost all areas of chemistry and for all kinds of industries. For example, their measurementsare used to assure the safety and quality of food, pharmaceuticals, and water; to assure compliance with environmental and other regulations; etc.

Catalysis is the expansion in the rate of a synthetic response because of the cooperation of an extra substance called a catalyst. As a rule, responses happen speedier with a catalyst since they require less enactment vitality. Moreover since they are not expended in the catalyzed response, impetuses can keep on acting over and over. Frequently just little sums are required on a basic level. A portion of the biggest scale chemicals are delivered by means of reactant oxidation, frequently utilizing oxygen. Cases incorporate nitric corrosive (from alkali), sulfuric corrosive (from sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide by the load procedure), terephthalic corrosive from p-xylene, and acrylonitrile from propane and smelling salts.

Many fine chemicals are readied by means of catalysis; techniques incorporate those of overwhelming industry and additionally more specific procedures that would be restrictively costly on a vast scale. Cases incorporate the Heck response, and Friedel-Crafts responses. Since most bioactive mixes are chiral, numerous pharmaceuticals are created by enantio selective catalysis (synergist hilter kilter amalgamation).

Physical organic chemistry alludes to teach natural science that spotlights on the relationship between synthetic structures and reactivity, specifically, applying trial devices of physical science to the investigation of natural atoms. Particular central purposes of study incorporate the rates of natural responses, the Organic Chemistry relative concoction strong qualities of the beginning materials, receptive intermediates, move states and results of compound responses, and non-covalent parts of solvation and sub-atomic communications that impact synthetic reactivity. Such reviews give hypothetical and pragmatic systems to see how changes in structure in arrangement or strong state settings affect response instrument and rate for every natural response of intrigue. The field has applications to a wide assortment of more specific fields, including electro-and photochemistry, polymer and supramolecular science, and bioorganic science, enzymology, and synthetic science, and in addition to business ventures including process science, substance designing, materials science and nanotechnology, and medication revelation.

Natural products are chemical compound produced by a living organism that is found in nature. Natural products remain the best sources of drugs and drug leads, natural products research in favor of HTP screening of combinatorial libraries during the past 2 decades. Natural products possess structural and chemical diversity that is unsurpassed by any synthetic libraries. More than 40% of the chemical scaffolds found in natural products are absent in now-a-days medicinal chemistry repertoire.  Based on various chemical properties, combinatorial compounds occupy a much smaller area in molecular space than natural products. Natural products undergo primary metabolites and secondary metabolites, Natural products under go biosynthesis and produce carbohydrates and fatty acids and polypeptides. Their main sources are from prokaryotic, bacteria, archaea, eukaryotic, fungi, plants, animals.   Heterocyclic chemistry deals with the synthesis, properties, and applications of heterocyclic compound. A cyclic organic compound containing all carbon atoms in ring formation is referred to as a carbocyclic compound. If at least one atom other than carbon forms a part of the ring system then it is designed as a hetero-cyclic compound. Nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur are the most common heteroatoms but heterocyclic rings containing other hetero atoms are also widely known. An enormous number of heterocyclic compounds may be classified into aliphatic and aromatic. Heterocyclic ring may comprise of three or more atoms which may be saturated or unsaturated. Also the ring may contain more than one hetero atom which may be similar or dissimilar.

"Flow chemistry" defines a very general range of chemical processes that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally taking place in a reactor zone. The application of flow chemistry relies on the concept of pumping reagents using many reactors types to perform specific reactions. . In any case, the term has just been authored as of late for its application on a research center. Often, smaller scale reactors are utilized.

Combinatorial chemistry is a technique in which several millions of molecular constructions are synthesisesd and tested for biological activity. It is a trending method developed by researchers to reduce the time and cost of producing marketable and effective new drugs. This has captured attention in many areas including pharmaceutical chemistry bio technology and agro chemistry. The application is also so large that by producing larger and diverse compounds companies increase the probability that they will find novel compounds of significant commercial values. Thus they are mainly focused on drug discovery process.

Medicinal chemistry deals with the design, optimization and development of chemical compounds for use as drugs. It is inherently a multidisciplinary topic — beginning with the synthesis of potential drugs followed by studies investigating their interactions with biological targets to understand the medicinal effects of the drug, its metabolism and side-effects.

Catalysis is forming molecules with the addition of compounds called catalysts. These catalysts increase the rate of reaction and make the reaction to happen faster. If this is done by the help of inorganic compounds like Pt, N etc, it is inorganic catalysis. If it happens by bio inorganic compounds it is called bio inorganic catalysis.

Transition metals are usually present as trace elements in organisms, with iron and zinc being most abundant. These metals are used in some proteins as cofactors and are essential for the activity of enzymes such as catalase and oxygen-carrier proteins such as hemoglobin. Metal homeostasis is broadly defined as the metal uptake, trafficking, efflux, and sensing pathways that allow organisms to maintain an appropriate often narrow intracellular concentration range of essential transition metals. Metal centers are essential and abundant cofactors in fundamental life processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and hydrogen, nitrogen carbon, and sulfur metabolism, and the number and diversity of metalloproteinase and the biological roles for metal centers continue to proliferate unabated. Indeed, metal centers are estimated to be present in approximately one half of all proteins and to constitute the active sites of at least one third of all enzymes. Metalloprotein is a generic term for a protein that contains a metal ion cofactor. A large number of all proteins are part of this category. Metalloproteins have captivated chemists and biochemists, particularly since the 1950s, when the first X-ray crystal structure of a protein, sperm whale myoglobin, indicated the presence of an iron atom. They account for nearly half of all proteins in nature. Transition metals are a key component of biological systems. Because of their special properties, they are incorporated into proteins functioning in dioxygen transport, electron transfer, redox transformations, and regulatory control. The metals used in biological systems have been selected throughout evolution based on their availability in the environment and their kinetic lability, resulting in preferential use of first-row transition metals in biology.

Organometallic chemistry is the study of compounds containing at least one bond between a carbon atom of an organic compound and a metal, including alkaline, alkaline earth, transition metal, and other cases. Organometallic compounds are widely used both stoichiometrically in research and industrial chemical reactions, as well as in the role of catalysts to increase the rates of such reactions as in uses of homogeneous catalysis, where target molecules include polymers, pharmaceuticals, and many other types of practical products. Organometallic compounds are in which organic group are linked directly to the metal through at least one carbon atom. Compounds like Ti(OC4H9)4, Ca{N(CH3)2}2 and Fee(SC5H11)3 are therefore, not included in the list of organometallic compounds, although C6H5Ti(OC4H9)3 and (C5H5)2Zr(OOCCH3)2, would be organometallics. Organic group can be bound, is one way or the other, to almost all the elements in the periodic table and potentially therefore the number of organometallic compounds is almost unlimited. Based on organometallic catalysis in olefin polymerization a whole new technology was evolved. Nobel prizes for chemistry have been awarded to Zieglar and Natta (1963), Fischer and Willkinson(1973) for the discoveries in Organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis.

Organic Industrial Chemistry is branch of chemistry which deals with the applications of organic raw materials towards the transformation into products that are of benefits to the industries such as food products, pharmaceuticals, petroleum, pigments and paints, soaps and detergents and cosmetic products. This act as a bridge between laboratory chemistry and large scale reactions in industries. In addition this also involves process selectivity of organic compounds, waste management and product purification. 

Inorganic Chemistry is the study of the structures, properties, and behaviours and reactions, of elements, mixtures in solutions, and chemical compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, Industrial inorganic chemistry includes subdivisions of the chemical industry that manufacture inorganic products on a large scale such as the heavy inorganics sulfates chlor-alkalis, sulfuric acid, and fertilizers. The chemical industry adds value to raw materials by transforming them into the chemicals required for the manufacture of consumer products. The top 20 inorganic chemicals manufactured in India, Japan, Canada, China, Europe and the US in the year 2005. Traditionally, the scale of a nation's economy could be evaluated by their productivity of sulfuric acid. Inorganic chemistry is a highly practical area of science. Inorganic compounds which are mostly manufactured are hydrogen, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, nitrogen carbon black, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, oxygen, phosphoric acid, sodium carbonate, sodium chlorate, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, sodium sulfate, sulfuric acid, aluminium sulfate, ammonia, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and titanium dioxide. The manufacturing of fertilizers is another practical application of industrial inorganic chemistry.

Modern Analytical chemistry studies and uses instruments and methods used to separate, identify, and quantify matter. Instruments used are Spectroscopy Mass spectrometry, electrochemical analysis, Thermal analysis, Separation, Hybrid techniques, Microscopy, Lab-on-a-chip. Modern analytical chemistry consists of classical, wet chemical methods and modern, instrumental methods. Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry is an interdisciplinary branch between Pharmacy and  Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Computational Chemistry & Molecular Modelling, Drug Design, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacoinformatics, Pharmacovigilance, Chemo informatics, Pharmacogenomics.  Nano catalysis is recently growing field and is crucial component of sustainable technology and organic transformations applicable to almost all types of catalytic organic transformations. Among nanocatalysts, several forms such as magnetic nanocatalysts, nano mixed metal oxides, core-shell nanocatalysts, nano-supported catalysts; graphene-based nanocatalysts have been employed in catalytic applications. The field of benign organic synthesis has lately embraced various innovative scientific developments accompanied by improved and effective synthetic practices that avoid the use of toxic reagents reactants. Modern theoretical chemistry is the examination of the structural and dynamic properties of molecules and molecular materials using the tools of quantum chemistry, equilibrium and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and dynamics. Theoretical organic chemistry includes the fundamental laws of physics Coulomb's law, Kinetic energy, Potential energy, the virial theorem, Planck's Law, Theoretical chemistry comprises of Quantum chemistry, Computational chemistry, Molecular modelling, Mathematical chemistry, theoretical chemical kinetics, cheminformatics.