3^rd International Conference on Organic & Inorganic Chemistry July 17-19, 2017 Chicago, Illinois, USA (10 Plenary Forums - 1Event)

Bioorganic chemistry applies the principles and methods of organic chemistry to solve problems of biological relevance. Such an understanding is often achieved with the aid of molecular models chemically synthesized in the Industries and laboratory. This allows a extracting of the many variable parameters simultaneously operative within the biological system. Biological membrane work as one builds a simple model of known compositions and studies a single behavior, such as an ion transport property. Organic chemist develops synthetic methodology to better understanding organic mechanisms and create new compounds. On the other hand it includes study of life processing by means of biochemical methodology like enzyme purification and assay, radioisotope tracer studies in in-vivo system. A new dimension results from this combination of chemical and biological science that is the concept of model building to study and sort out the various parameters of a complex biological process. By means of simple organic models, many biological reactions as well as the specificity and efficiency of the enzyme involved have been reproduced in test tube. The major theme of the pharmaceutical industry is to extrapolation of multidisciplinary science to the pathological state, organic chemist and pharmacologists working together so the bioorganic chemistry is to biochemistry as medicinal chemistry is to pharmacology. Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. The four main classes of molecules in biochemistry often called biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Biochemistry focuses on processes happening at a molecular level. It focuses on what’s happening inside our cells, studying components like proteins, lipids and organelles. It also looks at how cells communicate with each other. 

Organometallic chemistry is the study of compounds containing at least one bond between a carbon atom of an organic compound and a metal, including alkaline, alkaline earth, transition metal, and other cases. Organometallic compounds are widely used both stoichiometrically in research and industrial chemical reactions, as well as in the role of catalysts to increase the rates of such reactions as in uses of homogeneous catalysis, where target molecules include polymers, pharmaceuticals, and many other types of practical products. Organometallic compounds are in which organic group are linked directly to the metal through at least one carbon atom. Compounds like Ti(OC₄H₉)₄, Ca{N(CH₃)₂}₂ and Fee(SC5H₁₁)₃ are therefore, not included in the list of organometallic compounds, although C6H5Ti(OC₄H₉)₃ and (C₅H₅)₂Zr(OOCCH₃)₂, would be organometallics. Organic group can be bound, is one way or the other, to almost all the elements in the periodic table and potentially therefore the number of organometallic compounds is almost unlimited. Based on organometallic catalysis in olefin polymerization a whole new technology was evolved. Nobel prizes for chemistry have been awarded to Zieglar and Natta (1963), Fischer and Willkinson (1973) for the discoveries in Organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. 

Combinatorial chemistry is used to synthesize large number of chemical compounds by combining sets of building blocks. It is a laboratory technique in which millions of molecular constructions can be synthesized and tested for biological activity. Combinatorial chemistry comprises synthetic chemical methods to prepare a large number of compounds in a single process. In pharmacological assay combinatorial chemistry technique are employed in which large numbers of structurally distinct molecules may be synthesized in a time and submitted. Combinatorial chemistry is primarily used by organic chemists who are seeking new drugs; combinatorial chemistry is employed to other fields such as semiconductors, superconductors, catalysts and polymers. Materials science is a syncretic discipline study of hybridizing metallurgy, ceramics, solid-state physics, and chemistry. It is the first example of a new academic discipline emerging by fusion rather than fission. Different types of materials are solid-state, crystalline state, amorphous, and metals, polymer materials and Nano materials. Microwave chemistry is the science of applying microwave radiation to chemical reactions, Microwave energy, originally applied for heating foodstuff by Percy spencer in the 1940s, has found a variety of technical application in the chemical and related industries since 1950’s in particular in food processing drying, and polymer industry. Other application range from analytical chemistry called microwave sterilization.

Bioinorganic science is a field that looks at the part of metals in science. Bioinorganic science incorporates the investigation of both natural phenomena, the conduct of metalloproteinase and also misleadingly presented metals, including those that are trivial, in medication and toxicology. Numerous organic procedures, for example, breath rely on particles that fall inside the domain of inorganic science. The train additionally incorporates the investigation of inorganic models or mimics that imitate the behaviour of metalloproteinase. Metal ions are known to play an essential role in living system, both in growth and in metabolism. About 99% of mammals' mass are the elements carbon, nitrogen, calcium, sodium, chlorine, potassium, hydrogen, phosphorus, oxygen and sulfur. Proteins, lipids and carbohydrates contain the majority of the carbon and nitrogen and most of the oxygen and hydrogen is present as water. The entire collection of metal-containing biomolecules in a cell is called the metallom. A heterogeneous catalyst has active sites, which are the atoms or crystal faces where the reaction actually occurs. Types of catalysis are Heterogeneous catalysts Electrocatalysts, Homogeneous catalysts, Organ catalysis, Enzymes and biocatalysts, Nanocatalysts, Tandem catalysis, Autocatalysis.

Natural products are chemical compound produced by a living organism that is found in nature. Natural products remain the best sources of drugs and drug leads, natural products research in favor of HTP screening of combinatorial libraries during the past 2 decades. Natural products possess structural and chemical diversity that is unsurpassed by any synthetic libraries. More than 40% of the chemical scaffolds found in natural products are absent in now-a-days medicinal chemistry repertoire.  Based on various chemical properties, combinatorial compounds occupy a much smaller area in molecular space than natural products. Natural products undergo primary metabolites and secondary metabolites, Natural products under go biosynthesis and produce carbohydrates and fatty acids and polyketides. Their main sources are from prokaryotic, bacteria, archaea, eukaryotic, fungi, plants, animals.   Heterocyclic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of heterocyclic compound. A cyclic organic compound containing all carbon atoms in ring formation is referred to as a carbocyclic compound. If at least one atom other than carbon forms a part of the ring system then it is designed as a hetero-cyclic compound. Nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur are the most common heteroatoms but heterocyclic rings containing other hetero atoms are also widely known. An enormous number of heterocyclic compounds may be classified into aliphatic and aromatic. Heterocyclic ring may comprise of three or more atoms which may be saturated or unsaturated. Also the ring may contain more than one hetero atom which may be similar or dissimilar.

Physical organic chemistry alludes to a teach of natural science that spotlights on the relationship between synthetic structures and reactivity, specifically, applying trial devices of physical science to the investigation of natural atoms. Particular central purposes of study incorporate the rates of natural responses, the Organic Chemistry relative concoction strong qualities of the beginning materials, receptive intermediates, move states, and results of compound responses, and non-covalent parts of solvation and sub-atomic communications that impact synthetic reactivity. Such reviews give hypothetical and pragmatic systems to see how changes in structure in arrangement or strong state settings affect response instrument and rate for every natural response of intrigue. The field has applications to a wide assortment of more specific fields, including electro-and photochemistry, polymer and supramolecular science, and bioorganic science, enzymology, and synthetic science, and in addition to business ventures including process science, substance designing, materials science and nanotechnology, and medication revelation.

Modern Analytical chemistry studies and uses instruments and methods used to separate, identify, and quantify matter. Instruments used are Spectroscopy Mass spectrometry, electrochemical analysis, Thermal analysis, Separation, Hybrid techniques, Microscopy, Lab-on-a-chip. Modern analytical chemistry consists of classical, wet chemical methods and modern, instrumental methods. Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry is an interdisciplinary branch between Pharmacy and  Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Computational Chemistry & Molecular Modelling, Drug Design, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacoinformatics, Pharmacovigilance, Chemo informatics, Pharmacogenomics.  Nano catalysis is recently growing field and is crucial component of sustainable technology and organic transformations applicable to almost all types of catalytic organic transformations. Among nanocatalysts, several forms such as magnetic nanocatalysts, nano mixed metal oxides, core-shell nanocatalysts, nano-supported catalysts, graphene-based nanocatalysts have been employed in catalytic applications. The field of benign organic synthesis has lately embraced various innovative scientific developments accompanied by improved and effective synthetic practices that avoid the use of toxic reagents reactants. Modern theoretical chemistry is the examination of the structural and dynamic properties of molecules and molecular materials using the tools of quantum chemistry, equilibrium and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and dynamics. Theoretical organic chemistry includes the fundamental laws of physics Coulomb's law, Kinetic energy, Potential energy, the virial theorem, Planck's Law, Theoretical chemistry comprises of Quantum chemistry, Computational chemistry, Molecular modelling, Molecular modelling, Mathematical chemistry, Theoretical chemical kinetics, Cheminformatics. 

Medicinal chemistry deals with development and synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs. The discipline combines expertise from chemistry and pharmacology to identify the lead molecule called as pharmacophore, development and synthesize chemical agents that have a therapeutic use and to evaluate the properties of drugs. Enantioselective synthesis, also called chiral synthesis and asymmetric synthesis is a multidisciplinary form of chemical synthesis. Enantioselective catalysis known traditionally as asymmetric catalysis refers to the use of chiral coordination complexes as catalysts. This approach is very commonly encountered, as it is effective for a broader range of transformations than any other method of enantioselective synthesis. Synthetic organic chemists and medicinal chemists have the power to replicate some of the most intriguing molecules of living nature in the laboratory and apply their developed synthetic strategies and technologies to construct variations of them. The quality and purity of the obtained synthetic organic compounds is essential because of its complexity. Whether in agrochemical or biotechnology, Chemical synthesis stills a complex area.

Inorganic Chemistry is the study of the structures, properties, and behaviours and reactions, of elements, mixtures in solutions, and chemical compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, Industrial inorganic chemistry includes subdivisions of the chemical industry that manufacture inorganic products on a large scale such as the heavy inorganics sulfates chlor-alkalis, sulfuric acid, and fertilizers. The chemical industry adds value to raw materials by transforming them into the chemicals required for the manufacture of consumer products. The top 20 inorganic chemicals manufactured in India, Japan, Canada, China, Europe and the US in the year 2005. Traditionally, the scale of a nation's economy could be evaluated by their productivity of sulfuric acid. Inorganic chemistry is a highly practical area of science. Inorganic compounds which are mostly manufactured are hydrogen, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, nitrogen carbon black, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, oxygen, phosphoric acid, sodium carbonate, sodium chlorate, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, sodium sulfate, sulfuric acid, aluminium sulfate, ammonia, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and titanium dioxide. The manufacturing of fertilizers is another practical application of industrial inorganic chemistry.

Transition metals are usually present as trace elements in organisms, with iron and zinc being most abundant. These metals are used in some proteins as cofactors and are essential for the activity of enzymes such as catalase and oxygen-carrier proteins such as hemoglobin. Metal homeostasis is broadly defined as the metal uptake, trafficking, efflux, and sensing pathways that allow organisms to maintain an appropriate often narrow intracellular concentration range of essential transition metals. Metal centers are essential and abundant cofactors in fundamental life processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and hydrogen, nitrogen carbon, and sulfur metabolism, and the number and diversity of metalloproteins and the biological roles for metal centers continue to proliferate unabated. Indeed, metal centers are estimated to be present in approximately one half of all proteins and to constitute the active sites of at least one third of all enzymes. Metalloprotein is a generic term for a protein that contains a metal ion cofactor. A large number of all proteins are part of this category. Metalloproteins have captivated chemists and biochemists, particularly since the 1950s, when the first X-ray crystal structure of a protein, sperm whale myoglobin, indicated the presence of an iron atom. They account for nearly half of all proteins in nature. Transition metals are a key component of biological systems. Because of their special properties, they are incorporated into proteins functioning in dioxygen transport, electron transfer, redox transformations, and regulatory control. The metals used in biological systems have been selected throughout evolution based on their availability in the environment and their kinetic lability, resulting in preferential use of first-row transition metals in biology.

The study of stereochemistry focuses on stereoisomers and spans the entire spectrum of organic, inorganic, biological, physical and especially supramolecular chemistry. Stereochemistry is the chemistry which deals with the different arrangement of atoms or groups in a molecule in space. Louis Pasteur was the first stereochemist, having observed in 1849 from wine collected salts of tartaric acid production vessels could rotate plane polarized light, but that salts from other sources. The only physical property in which the two types of tartrate salts differed, is due to optical isomerism. Stereochemistry plays a very vital role in our day to day life. It has been observed that many living systems, plants and many pharmaceuticals possess or respond to only a particular type of arrangement in a molecule and are found to be stereospecific in nature, for example the double helical form of D.N.A turns in a right handed way, honey suckle winds as a left handed helix. Only one form of sugar plays a unique role in animal metabolism and is the basis of a multimillion dollar fermentation industry. Structural Isomers are isomers which have the same molecular formula but differ in their structures. The list of different types of structural isomers is position isomer, chain Isomers, metamerism, and functional Isomers. Stereoisomers are isomers which have the same molecular formula and same structure but differ in the arrangement of atoms or groups in space. Stereoisomers can be classified into the following two types Conformational Isomers and Configurational Isomers.

Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is a territory of science and compound building concentrated on the planning of items and procedures that minimize the utilization and era of perilous substances. While environmental chemistry concentrates on the impacts of contaminating chemicals on nature, Green chemistry concentrates on innovative ways to deal with forestalling contamination and lessening utilization of nonrenewable assets.

Green chemistry covers with all subdisciplines of science however with a specific concentrate on chemical synthesis, process chemistry, and chemical engineering, in modern applications. To a lesser degree, the standards of green chemistry additionally influence research center practices. The all-encompassing objectives of green chemistry —in particular, more asset effective and inalienably more secure plan of particles, materials, items, and procedures—can be sought after in an extensive variety of settings.

Polymer chemistry is a science subdiscipline that arrangements with the structures, compound blend and properties of polymers, fundamentally engineered polymers, for example, plastics and elastomers. Polymer science is identified with the more extensive field of polymer science, which likewise envelops polymer material science and polymer building. Polymers are high sub-atomic mass mixes framed by polymerization of monomers. The basic responsive particle from which the rehashing auxiliary units of a polymer are inferred are called monomer. A polymer is synthetically portrayed by its level of polymerisation, molar mass dissemination, tacticity, copolymer appropriation, the level of fanning, by its end-bunches, crosslinks, crystallinity and warm properties, for example, its glass move temperature and softening temperature. Polymers in arrangement have uncommon attributes as for solvency, consistency and gelation.

Schematically polymers are subdivided into biopolymers and manufactured polymers as per their cause.

Organic Chemical engineering is a branch of engineering that applies physical sciences (physical science and organic natural science), life sciences (microbiologyand organic chemistry), together with connected arithmetic and financial matters to deliver, change, transport, and appropriately utilize chemicals, materials and vitality. Basically, substance engineers outline expansive scale forms that change over chemicals, crude materials, living cells, microorganisms and vitality into helpful structures and items.